Writing a biography essay
Interesting Cause And Effect Research Paper Topics
Thursday, September 3, 2020
Mothers Day Quotes From Daughters
Moms Day Quotes From Daughters They may not know it, yet youthful girls frequently copy their moms. Somewhere down in her heart, each young lady resembles her mom. A mother comprehends this well. So she attempts to shield her little girl from the mishaps that she looked in her childhood. A few moms are known to pummel their girls. I have seen this myself. At the point when I asked a couple of mothers, why they fix the reins for little girls, the basic answer is, I need to set up her for the world to confront the difficult times of life. I have frequently thought about whether this methodology is right. In any case, I can't deny that underneath the exacting veneer, there is a mother who adores her little girl. This is the reason a mother is a little girls closest companion. Here are Mothers Day cites from little girls who have made extraordinary progress. Kate Beckinsale My little girl accompanies me all over the place. I donââ¬â¢t desert her. In any case, it is hard. That is to say, I figure any working mother will disclose to you that what sort of falls by the wayside, you know, are the long stretches of rest that you wish you had, what not. I feel unfathomably fortunate and favored, however I do once in a while feel like that exorcist woman! Ann Taylor Who hurried to help me when I fell,/Or kissed the spot to make it well? My mom. Sarah Josepha Hale No impact is so incredible as that of the mother. Katherine Butler Hathaway Mother is the one we rely on for the things that issue the vast majority of all. Lisa Alther Any mother could play out the employments of a few air-traffic controllers easily. Beverly Jones Presently, as usual, the most computerized apparatus in a family unit is the mother. Carrie Latet My mother is actually a piece of me. You cannot say that regarding numerous individuals aside from family members, and organ benefactors. Dorothy Canfield A mother isn't an individual to incline toward, yet an individual to make inclining superfluous. Helen Rowland It takes a lady twenty years to make a man of her child, and another lady twenty minutes to make a nitwit of him. Maya Angelou To portray my mom is expound on a typhoon in its ideal force. Barbara Kingsolver The quality of parenthood is more noteworthy than normal laws.
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
Shrek :: essays papers
Shrek Mythical serpent on Shrek Expectedly current draw connect or the great board overpassâ⬠¦oh and shouldn't something be said about this engineered overpass model? Recall what the princess stated, ââ¬Å"Keep it simpleâ⬠, so perhaps no engineered overpass, for the time being at any rate. Really awful none of her admirers are man enough to meander over that old weak demise trap of a scaffold that is as of now out there, darn aristocrats donââ¬â¢t even come around however once every decade in any case, I donââ¬â¢t see why I need to make them an extension to build their odds of taking my princess. Indeed, I wonder on the off chance that they even recognize what they are getting themselves into. That young lady, high upkeep, what number of individuals could tolerateâ⬠¦. ââ¬Å"Dragooonnneeeeâ⬠I despise it when she does that, doesnââ¬â¢t she understand that winged serpents have exceptionally touchy eardrums. Off to the chamber I go, must she call me when I simply start another venture? Attempting to fix that old scaffold over the magma pit is no cakewalk I trust she realizesâ⬠¦ â⬠¦Ah indeed, I recall where I put that additional rope, itââ¬â¢s in the storm cellar close to the live with the goldâ⬠¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬Å"Hang on, Iââ¬â¢m comingâ⬠schess, that princess demonstrations like a wellâ⬠¦ like a princessâ⬠¦ however she could consider dropping the demonstration any day soon. All things considered, she will miss me if her ruler ever bearers her awayâ⬠¦he ha haâ⬠¦she be so old at that point that on the off chance that somebody came to safeguard her from my malevolent fire they will take one glance at her and unobtrusively escape the back channel connect like a child mythical beast with his sharp little humiliated. ââ¬Å"Whatââ¬â¢s up Prissy?â⬠hah, she loathes it when I call her that. ââ¬Å"I detest it when you call me thatâ⬠ah gracious, is that grin all over? That's right, positive smile, I know Iââ¬â¢ve documented that look in the ââ¬Å"up to no goodâ⬠organizer, cautioning, cautioning. ââ¬Å"Could you bring me a few tomatoes and a head of lettuce for tonightââ¬â¢s dinner. Get them out of the back nursery on the off chance that you could if you don't mind yet no hurryâ⬠. Was that a flash of devilishness or simply the setting sun pulling pranks on my eyes, and what is this no rush stuff, it positively appeared to be pressing one moment ago?ââ¬Å"Yah, yah, yah, sure. Hello, did you get your letter that came by means of vultureculture express, I left it on the table in the feasting corridor, figured you would see itâ⬠she appears to be somewhat restless, staying away from eye to eye connection, murmur, who was that letter from?
Saturday, August 22, 2020
The Self in the World the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems Essay Example
The Self in the World: the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems Essay The Self in the World: The Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems, [(essay date 1980) In the accompanying article, Annas offers examination of depersonalization in Plaths verse which, as per Annas, encapsulates Plaths reaction to abusive current society and her double awareness of self as both subject and item. ] For unquestionably it is time that the impact of disencouragement upon the brain of the craftsman ought to be estimated, as I have seen a dairy organization measure the impact of conventional milk and Grade A milk upon the body of the rodent. They set two rodents in confines next to each other, and of the two one was stealthy, tentative and little, and the other was shiny, intense and enormous. Presently what food do we feed ladies as specialists upon? Virginia Woolf, A Room of Ones Own The argumentative pressure among self and world is the area of importance in Sylvia Plaths late sonnets. Portrayed by a contention among balance and development, segregation and commitment, these sonnets are to a great extent about what disrupts the general flow of the chance of resurrection for oneself. In Totem, she composes: There is no end, just bags/Out of which a similar self unfurls like a suit/Bald and gleaming, with pockets of wishes/Notions and tickets, shortcircuits and collapsing mirrors. While in the early sonnets oneself was regularly imaged as far as its own opportunities for change, in the post-Colossus sonnets oneself is all the more frequently observed as caught inside a shut cycle. One movesbut just around and constantly back to a similar beginning stage. As opposed to oneself and the world, the Ariel sonnets record the self on the planet. We will compose a custom article test on The Self in the World: the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Self in the World: the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Self in the World: the Social Context of Sylvia Plaths Late Poems explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Oneself can change and create, change and be reawakened, just if the world in which it exists does; the conceivable outcomes of oneself are personally and inseparably bound up with those of the world. Sylvia Plaths feeling of entanglement, her feeling that her decisions are significantly constrained, is straightforwardly associated with the specific time and spot wherein she kept in touch with her verse. Betty Friedan depicts the late fifties and mid sixties for American ladies as an agreeable focus campphysically rich, intellectually severe and ruined. The repetitive similitudes of fracture and reificationthe deliberation of the individualin Plaths late verse are socially and truly based. They are pictures of Nazi death camps, of fire and bombs through the rooftop (The Applicant), of guns, of trains, of wars, wars, wars (Daddy). What's more, they are pictures of kitchens, refrigerators, calculators, typewriters, and the depersonalization of medical clinics. The ocean and the moon are as yet significant pictures for Plath, yet in the Ariel sonnets they have taken on a harsher quality. The moon, additionally, is unfeeling, she writes in Elm. While a horrendously intense feeling of the depersonalization and fracture of 1950s America is normal for Ariel, three sonnets portray especially well the social scene inside which the I of Sylvia Plaths sonnets is caught: The Applicant, Cut, and The Munich Mannequins. The Applicant is unequivocally a representation of marriage in contemporary Western culture. Nonetheless, the romance and wedding in the sonnet speak to male/female relations however human relations as a rule. That activity looking for is the focal illustration in The Applicant proposes a nearby association between the industrialist financial framework, the man centric family structure, and the general depersonalization of human relations. Some way or another all cooperation among individuals, and particularly that among people, given the historical backdrop of the utilization of ladies as things of deal, appears to be here to be adapted by the belief system of a bureaucratized commercial center. Anyway this framework began, the two people are involved in its propagation. As in a large number of Plaths sonnets, one feels in perusing The Applicant that Plath sees herself and her imaged personae as not just got invictims ofthis circumstance, yet in some sense blamable also. In The Applicant, the writer is talking legitimately to the peruser, tended to as you all through. We also are involved, for we also are potential candidates. Individuals are portrayed as injured and as dismantled bits of bodies in the main verse of The Applicant. In this way symbolism of dehumanization starts the sonnet. In addition, the pieces depicted here are not substance, yet a glass eye, dentures or a bolster,/A support or a snare,/Rubber bosoms or an elastic groin. We are as of now so engaged with a sterile and machine-overwhelmed culture that we are likely part ancient rarity and sterile ourselves. One is helped not exclusively to remember the symbolism of other Plath sonnets, yet in addition of the controlling allegory of Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, composed at about a similar time as The Applicantin 1962, and Chief Bromdens conviction that those individuals who are coordinated into society are only assortments of haggles, littler copies of an easily working bigger social machine. The ward is a production line for the Combine, Bromden thinks. Something that came all curved distinctive is presently a working, balanced segment, an a worthy representative for the entire outfit and a wonder to view. Watch him sliding over the land with a welded smile . . . In refrain two of The Applicant, Plath portrays the vacancy which describes the candidate and which is a variation on the roboticized action of Keseys Adjusted Man. Are there join to show somethings missing? she inquires. The candidates hand is unfilled, so she gives a hand To fill it and ready To bring teacups and roll away migraines And do whatever you reveal to it Will you wed it? All through the sonnet, individuals are discussed as parts and surfaces. The suit presented in refrain three is at any rate as alive as th e empty man and mechanical doll lady of the sonnet. Truth be told, the suit, an ancient rarity, has more substance and positively more solidness than the individual to whom it is offered in marriage. At last, it is the suit which offers shape to the candidate where before he was vague, a garbage store of divided parts. I notice you are obvious exposed. What about this suit Black and hardened, however not an awful fit. Will you wed it? It is waterproof, shatterproof, confirmation Against fire and bombs through the rooftop. Trust me, theyll cover you in it. The man in the sonnet is at long last characterized by the dark suit he puts on, yet the meaning of the lady demonstrates her to be much progressively estranged and dehumanized. While the man is a garbage pile of different parts given shape by a suit of garments, the lady is a breeze up toy, a manikin of that dark suit. She doesnt even exist except if the dark suit needs and wills her to. Will you wed it? It is ensured To thumb shut your eyes toward the end And break up of distress. We make new stock from the salt. The lady in the sonnet is alluded to as it. Like the man, she has no singularity, however where his suit gives him structure, representing the job he plays in a bureaucratic culture, for the work he does, the main thing that gives the lady structure is the organization of marriage. She doesn't exist before it and breaks up once more into nothingness after it. In The Applicant there is in any event a ramifications that something exists underneath the keeps an eye on dark su it; that anyway divided he will be, he in any event weds the suit and he at any rate has a decision. Conversely, the lady is the job she plays; she doesn't exist separated from it. Bare as paper to begin, Plath composes, But in a quarter century shell be silver, In fifty, gold. A living doll, wherever you look. It can sew, it can cook. It can talk, talk, talk. The man, the sort of a standard issue enterprise junior official, is likewise estranged. He has opportunity of decision just in contrast with the significantly more restricted circumstance of the lady. In other words, he has relative opportunity of decision in direct extent to his job as perceived specialist in the financial structure of his general public. This ought not suggest, in any case, that this man is in any sort of fulfilling and important connection to his work. The accentuation in The Applicant upon the keeps an eye on surfacehis dark suittogether with the initial inquiry of the sonnet (First, would you say you are our kind of individual? ) recommends that even his relationship to his work won't be in any sense immediate or fulfilling. It will be sifted first through the suit of garments, at that point through the glass eye and elastic groin before it can arrive at the genuine individual, accepting there is anything left of him. The lady in the sonnet is viewed as a limb; she works, yet she works in a domain outside socially perceived work. She works for the man operating at a profit suit. She is viewed as reaching the world just with the help of the man, who is as of now twice evacuated. This buffering impact is exacerbated by the way that the man is presumably not occupied with work that would permit him to feel a relationship to the result of his work. He is likely an administrator or the like, and accordingly his relationship is to bits of paper, progressive and divided ideal models of the item (whatever it is, chamberpots or wooden tables) as opposed to the item itself. Also, obviously, the more cushioned the man is, the more supported the lady is, for it might be said her genuine relationship to the universe of work is that of purchaser as opposed to maker. In this way, her solitary relationship to socially satisfactory productionas restricted to consumptionis through the man. In another sense, in any case, the lady isn't a consum
Geography of water and energy resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4
Topography of water and vitality assets - Essay Example As a result, Kuwait has a for each capita salary of roughly $60,541, which is higher than the per capita pay in all G7 nations. Qatar has a for each capita salary that is over $93,000 on the grounds that it has a low populace and an exceptionally high GDP (Central Intelligence Agency, n.d.). In a synopsis, the Middle East OPEC individuals with low per capita salary are the countries with a huge populace of Iran and Iraq. Regardless of the reality the G7 nations register high GDP that are over the $1 trillion imprint, the Middle East OPEC individuals rival them on the dissemination of riches because of their little populace and enormous income from oil. As a rule, Middle East OPEC individuals are seen a battling countries with no capacity to opponent to the G7 nations. Actually residents of little nations like Kuwait, Qatar, and UAE appreciate higher per capita pay more than most G7 individuals. The main OPEC part that is viewed as poor is Iraq. It has per capita pay that is lower than ten thousand dollars, which is the most mediocre in all Middle East OPEC
Friday, August 21, 2020
Major studies of conformity
Significant investigations of similarity This paper will portray and assess a few significant investigations of similarity. Similarity has been characterized in number of ways. Crutchfield (1955), characterized similarity as respecting bunch pressure. Mann 1969 concurs with Crutchfield, anyway Mann (1969), contends that it might take various structures and be founded on thought processes other than bunch pressure. (Net p 479) Similarity is an adjustment in conviction or conduct in light of genuine or envisioned gathering pressure where there is no immediate solicitation to agree to the remainder of the gathering standard Zimbardo and Leippe (1991). A ton of research has been done to attempt to comprehend the circumstances people should be in to adjust and the variables influencing similarity. Anyway there are different social and methodological contemplations that influence the comprehension of similarity investigate. The primary investigation would be Jenness in 1932. Jenness was the main individual to consider similarity. Jenness solicited understudies to assess the number from beans in a jug. Taking people gauges first at that point put the people into gatherings and requested that they talk about their appraisals. When the discoveries had been determined he discovered that the understudies specifically gatherings would fit in with a gathering normal. As indicated by Jenness in a circumstance where the appropriate response was obscure they tuned in to their friends and would in his view acclimate. His examination was scrutinized by Sherif (1935) on the grounds that the investigation was not taken out in environmentally substantial conditions. The understudies were not in environmental factors that were recognizable to them consequently acting in an unexpected way. Pundits have contended that the understudies may have adjusted so as to make the outcomes simpler for the clinician. This exhibits educational social impact and is clarified in an exemplary report by Sheriff. Methodologically the principal serious issue experienced when testing congruity was the equivocalness of the circumstances the members were set in. This was featured by Mustafer Sherif (1935) when he utilized the auto-active impact to test congruity. The Auto-motor impact is a perceptual dream where members see light moving when in certainty it is fixed. Members were set in an obscured room in which they could see a light that was fixed. They were approached to record how far the light moved and on their own they chose singular gauges anyway when the members were assembled in a stay with different members they were urged to yell out their appraisals. Sherif found that they began with various answers however then totally came to concur on a similar answer. At that point after they split up the gathering into people again Sherif found that they furnished the response they had chosen with the gathering. In Sherifs examination into similarity (1935), the point was to check whether indivi duals fit in with a gathering standard. The aftereffects of the test demonstrated that singular reactions varied to those from the gathering reaction. The post-exploratory meetings said that the members denied being affected, they attempted to find the right solutions, and they never really felt piece of the gathering. The ends drawn from this said the members accommodated towards the gathering standard since they were unsure about their own individual reactions. Sherif then contended that his outcomes demonstrated similarity anyway there was an issue with the philosophy. This congruity inquire about was condemned to be counterfeit and lacking environmental legitimacy. Likewise, in light of the fact that the errand was believed to be uncertain and that there were no genuine answers, the members were bound to acclimate. As the appropriate response was exceptionally equivocal and there wasnt an undeniable answer it was contended that members are bound to adjust as they are never total ly sure of their answer. This philosophy hence influences Sherifs translation of similarity as it isn't entirely dependable Solomon Asch (1951) was the clinician that tested Sherifs methodological and in 1951 he made The Asch Paradigm where he tried congruity rates to exceptionally unambiguous circumstances. In his analysis there was one member and seven to nine different confederates who thought about the trial. The gathering was solicited to recognize lengths from vertical lines and coordinate a given vertical line to one of three in another showcase. Each confederate furnished their response and the member sat in the close to-last situate. On certain inquiries all the confederates would offer an inappropriate response and Asch watched the similarity pace of the member concurring with an inappropriate answer despite the fact that the appropriate response was self-evident. Asch found that 32% of the preliminaries, the innocent subject adjusted to answer given by the remainder of the gathering, and 72% of credulous subjects acclimated in any event once. 13 out of 50 credulous members never accommodated. A t the point when he met the gullible members a short time later, he found that congruity existed on three levels: bending of judgment, twisting of observation and contortion of activity. The individuals who experienced bending of judgment adjusted on the grounds that they confided in the gatherings judgment over their own. Those that accomplished contortion of activity realized that they were correct, however changed complied with keep away from scorn from the remainder of the gathering. At long last, the individuals who experienced mutilation of discernment really accepted that they considered the to be decision as coordinating the line on the card. The point of the test was still to check whether individuals would adjust towards the gathering standard. The outcomes demonstrated that the people complied with the gathering standard, regardless of whether the appropriate responses weren't right. The innocent member clarified their purposes behind adjusting to be on the grounds that t hey didnt need to ruin the analysis, look moronic, their eyes more likely than not been beguiling them, and in light of the fact that they felt that the gathering was most likely right. This investigation likewise disclosed to us that the impact from at least three numbskulls gave to a greater degree motivation to acclimate than if there was one chump. The ends for this examination were that the individuals accommodated for open consistence instead of open acknowledgment. Likewise it appeared as though individuals with low confidence were bound to adjust. The technique in this investigation was much increasingly exact then Sherifs try as the appropriate responses are extremely unambiguous and in the event that the members were all alone or first, at that point they would in all likelihood have offered the correct response. The outcomes from this test are along these lines can be a superior clarification of similarity than Sherif; anyway there are other methodological issues which ma ke this trial genuinely erroneous in the understanding of congruity. Anyway there are additionally moral issues about the trial. The fundamental reactions for this examination was that it was fake, tedious, time-dependant and deceptive. The investigation needs environmental legitimacy because of an absence of both exploratory and unremarkable authenticity. It needs test authenticity as certain members worked out what the analysis was or if nothing else thought the experimenter needed them to answer equivalent to the others and along these lines the similarity rates could be problematic. It additionally needs everyday authenticity as the circumstance doesn't mirror a genuine circumstance and hence individuals may act distinctively, in actuality, and perhaps the similarity rate would be lower. Crutchfield (1954) censured Asch that the kind of analysis attempted by Asch is very tedious, as just a single individual can be tried at once. Richard Crutchfield chose to change the trial strategy with the goal that few individuals, typically five, could be tried at the same time. A similar sort of issue as Asch utilized, was utilized. Every member sat in a stall with a variety of lights and switches before them. They were advised to offer their responses and each were informed that they were last to figure and the others surmises were demonstrated by the lights on the board. Anyway every member was really given a similar presentation, which on about a large portion of the preliminaries was really inaccurate. Crutchfield intended to see if individuals complied with unambiguous undertakings when the weight from others was more envisioned than genuine. Crutchfield found that 37% acclimated constantly however 46% a portion of the time. The outcomes discovered were extremely like Aschs yet had a lower congruity rate. This reasoned there is adjustment to envisioned weight. The investigation was censured to have explicit individuals utilized that were maybe all the more accommodating. Likewise it needed outer legitimacy. The time the analysis was done in (1950s) was commonly an all the more acclimating time, so that could have been one reason why the individuals adjusted more. This examination was additionally thought to be deceptive as the member were misled and could have been humiliated. Stanley Milgram (1963) led a trial on dutifulness that featured the convincing intensity of expert in social brain science just because. His analysis surpassed all desire and prompted more prominent familiarity with power and how much force it credited its culprit. Members were made to give expanding electric stuns to somebody (who was an on-screen character claiming to get the stuns through wires) when the individual offered an inappropriate response to an inquiry. A considerable lot of the members proceeded to the most elevated voltage (450V). There were numerous reasons why members complied, for example, the way that the examination was in an expert setting (Yale University). The experimenter was a power figure as was trusted; and the subjects were informed that anything that turned out badly would not be their duty. It was likewise in light of the fact that the members couldn't see the casualty which made it appear to be less genuine to them or it could have been on the grounds t hat the member had taken on a job so they felt that they were another person. Milgrams work has been scrutinized both on moral and methodological grounds. Baumrind (1964) accepted that Milgram indicated deficient regard for his members, there were inadequate advances taken to secure them, and his methodology could have l
Tuesday, August 4, 2020
Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog
Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post is part of a three part series written by a member of the admissions and financial aid staff, Colin Sullivan. _____________________ What is $20,000 to $70,000? a). The price range of a typical brand-new automobile (depending on how jewel-encrusted your steering wheel is) b). 5,000 to 17,000 rounds bought at happy hour (depending on how frustrating your finals were) c). the range of loan indebtedness a two-year, full-time SIPA student might have when graduating (depending on how much time and effort that student is willing to spend on seeking out scholarships, grants, and other loan alternatives) The answer d)., all of the above. Now, we wonât sell you a car, and we wonât buy you a drink, but we will administer your financial aid. And while Office of Admissions and Financial Aid cannot help you carry the load, we hope to help you lift with your legs and not your back, and avoid any hernias in the process. In his February 10th blog post, Matt touched upon the notion of education loans as âfinancial aidâ. The whole idea of âaidâ (which, for the sake of argument, Iâll define as âassistanceâ) is not typically that of something that must be repaid (well, maybe karmically), but loans are one instrument that assist, or aid, students in achieving the goal of higher education (another being thousands of milligrams of caffeine). Theyâre also one of the first significant investments that many people will make, and can enable increased employability, a higher salary, contributing to retirement accounts, the purchase of property or stocks with that higher salary, etc. As with any investment, the prospective borrower must carefully weigh the risk versus reward of borrowing such large sums for a SIPA education, especially considering that many graduates will pursue careers in the non-profit and public service sectors (not historically known for their piles of money). Nearly 60% of our student community borrows in order to help fund their studies. Depending on your country of origin, you have different options: US citizens and permanent residents have the right to apply for financing through the Federal Direct Loan Program, while also seeking out private education loans to help cover the full cost of attendance. International students, however, may face more challenges; they do not qualify for financing through the US Department of Education, and must have a US citizen or permanent resident who is willing to cosign on any private student loans. The Office of Admissions and Financial Aid also maintains a comprehensive external fellowships and grants database, that we strongly suggest all of our US and international applicants and students review. It thoroughly details funding opportunities that may minimize your need for borrowing, a practice which can feel a bit overwhelming at times. Now, whether youâre motoring across a scorched stretch of desert on your new carâs first road trip, feeling your way home after a 4am Thursday night, or folding paper airplanes with your financial aid forms, it always helps to have a path winding in front of you. In the Financial Aid office, that path first diverges for domestic and international students. It two follow up entries I will detail the different loan options for US and international students, as your indoctrination into the world of graduate education borrowing. Because, while the cost of funding oneâs education at SIPA may initially seem a daunting, the price you pay for not exploring every possible avenue to ensure an amazing SIPA education may end up being much greater.
Monday, June 22, 2020
Functional assessment of an elderly man at home - 2750 Words
Functional assessment of an elderly man at home (Essay Sample) Content: InterviewName of StudentName of Institution Functional assessment of an elderly man at homeIntroduction According to NHS (2011), elderly people who have attained the age of 65 years and above usually spend an average of 10 hours and above daily sitting or lying down, making them the most sedentary group of people. Due to this apparent inactivity among the elderly, they are more prone to accidental falls, obesity, cardiovascular accidents, heart conditions and sudden death than the general population. In this interview, data was gathered from an elderly man in his early 80s through use of a semi-structured interview schedule that consisted of open-ended questions touching on the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and activities of daily living (ADL). The interview schedule provided an opportunity for the interviewer and interviewee to tackle the questions in detail through appropriate probing. Before commencement of the interview, an informed consent was ob tained from the respondent where his anonymity and the confidentiality of the information sought from him were assured. The interviewee was asked to sign a consent form if he agreed to take part in the interview. The Rationale To ascertain that a person is able to independently live at home or community, the determination of the daily basic activities performed by the individual is necessary. These activities are referred to as Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). According to PayingForSeniorCare (2007), ADLs only serve as a yardstick of independence of individuals, whether or not they perform these basic activities on their own or get assistance. On the other hand, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are the actions which are important but not a daily requirement for one to live independently. They usually used to determine what level of assistance is to be accorded to the elderly or disabled people in society. In the interview schedule, three (3) ADLs and Three (3) IADLs were included. The ADLs included: Bed mobility, Toileting, and Eating. The IADLs were: Responsibility for own medication, Housekeeping, and Ability to use telephone. These activities and actions were included in the interview because they will in the very least point to the functional ability of the respondent given his advanced age. ADLs and IADLs are carried out because Measuring an individuals ability to perform the ADLs and IADLs is important not just in determining the level of assistance required but as a metric for a variety of services and programs related to caring for the elderly and for those with disabilities (PayingForSeniorCare (2007, p. 1).Ethical considerations According to Fouka and Mantzorou (2011, p. 3), research ethics involve requirements on daily work, the protection of dignity of subjects and the publication of the information in the research. Research ethics are a set of principles that guide researchers and research organizations on how to conduct themsel ves when dealing with research participants, other researchers and colleagues, the users of their research and society in general.Among the ethical issues taken into consideration in research include:Informed consent Informed consent is a major ethical issue in carrying out research. According to Armiger (1997), the participant must knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently, and in a clear and manifest way, give his/her consent. Informed consent confers autonomy to the respondent hence they are protected through self-determination. Through informed consent, the participants integrity, personal liberties and veracity are protected from violation by researchers. Informed consent enables individuals participate in research voluntarily after they have been provided with information on the potential risks and benefits of the research. Free and informed consent should incorporate an introduction to the study, its purpose, an explanation of the selection of the subjects and the procedures that shall be followed. It is essential to describe any physical harm or discomfort, any invasion of privacy and any threat to dignity as well as how the subjects will be compensated in that case.Beneficence- do not harm This principle ensures that researchers exercise a professional mandate to carry out significant and effective research so as to serve and promote the welfare of the population. A researcher must consider all possible consequences of the research and balance the risks with proportionate benefit. The type, degree, and number of potential risks must be assessed and the risk benefit ratio can only be achieved by identifying these factors. If the risks outweigh the benefits, the study should be revised. It is important that debriefing of the participants is done at the end of the study. Debriefing refers to explaining the exact aim of the study and why certain disclosures were not done. According to Burns and Grove (2005) if the subjects experienced a high level of disc omfort, they should be debriefed or referred to appropriate professional intervention as necessary.Respect of anonymity and confidentiality Confidentiality and anonymity are closely linked with the rights of beneficence. The protection of anonymity is achieved when the researcher does not link a participants personal responses and his/her identity. The management of private information of the respondents must be ensured by the researcher in order to protect the participants identity. Confidentiality means that individuals can give and/or withhold as much information as they wish to the person they choose.Respect of privacy Privacy is the freedom exercised by an individual in determining the time, extent, and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others. Therefore, private information shall not be shared with others without the knowledge of the participant. According to Treece and Treece (1982), a researcher must respect a decision by a respondent who considers reporting personal information a violation of privacy. Fauka and Mantzorou (2011, p. 7) state that this may even apply to report of age, income, marital status, and other details that the subject may regard intimate. They also imply that privacy can be invaded when researchers study certain groups without their knowledge and without identifying themselves.Concerns of vulnerable group of people Vulnerable group of people are the individuals who are unable to protect their own rights and welfare. Opinion is still divided as to whether they should be included in research studies or not due to their inability to give informed consent. They include prisoners, mentally ill people, the aged and children among others. They need further protection for they are vulnerable to being deceived, threatened or forced to participate in research studies they have no idea about. According to Burns and Grove (2005), the vulnerability of these individuals increases the nee d for justification for the use of such subjects in research studies.Honesty, objectivity, integrity, legality and competence It is important to maintain honesty in research undertakings. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Avoid any fabrication, falsification, or misrepresentation of data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public. To maintain objectivity, the researcher must avoid bias in study designs, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.Integrity should be ensured through keeping of promises and agreements. The researcher must act with sincerity, and maintain consistency of thought and action. Every researcher must ensure and improve his/her own professional competence and ex pertise through lifelong education and learning and steps must be taken towards the promotion of competence in science as a whole.Research studies are guided by the relevant rules and regulations that must be adhered to at all times, whether institutional or governmental.Research ethics play important roles in research studies as they;Bring about respect for and cause no harm to the participantsThey are a professional requirement in research studiesThey are a requirement in obtaining funding for research undertakingThey ensure that research studies are conducted within the ethical guidelines provided by the Ethics CommitteeEnsures that the research findings are acceptable to the research community and the publicInterviewee current IADL/ADL practices According to Quinn et al. (2011), elderly individuals usually present with acute and chronic problems that adversely affect function, often defined by functional decline and loss of independence. This might eventually lead to institution al care for such individuals. The decreased function may be a pointer to occult pathologies which lead to increased mortalities (Schumacher, 2005). From the interview, it was found out that the respondent had limited capacity in carrying out daily activities. For instance, in determining the ADLs, in bed mobility, he needed other than two persons physical assist, had a limited physical assistance in toileting and limited assistance when eating. His...
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)